This year marks 20 years’ since the signing of the Oslo Peace Accord which was supposed to bring an end to the Israel-Palestine conflict. But the ‘Oslo paradigm’ (of a track one, elite-level, negotiated two-state solution) is in crisis, if not completely at an end, despite the fact that donors appear reluctant to accept this. Occupation, colonisation and repression continue, and the political and geographical fragmentation of the Palestinian people is proceeding apace. In this context, and in the absence of a diplomatic solution, alternative visions will take on increased urgency, and these are more important when identified with ‘peace agency’ ‘or ‘agents of peace’ (activists). This paper thus utilises a conceptual framework that emphasises praxis. There have been many studies of ‘civil society activism’ and resistance in Palestine and Israel (Challand, 2009, Hermann, 2009; Payes, 2005; Jad, 2007). However, this paper will focus on groups that critique and reject the dominant ‘Oslo paradigm’ – such as the Boycott, Disinvestment and Sanctions movement, Stop the Wall, Boycott from Within and Anarchists against the Wall. While these groups describe their discourse and activities as more accurately ‘resistance’, it is still necessary to explore their proposed alternative ontologies of, and routes to, peace. This paper, however, takes as its starting point a critical approach to the concept of ‘peace’ – largely because the concept itself has been denigrated in the Israel-Palestine context. Four main reasons are identified: i) the Oslo paradigm has facilitated a ‘victor’s peace’ (Turner, 2011), ii) the Israeli peace movement failed and has shrunk (Hermann, 2009), iii) Palestinian civil society has been depoliticised and ‘bought off’ (Hanafi and Tabar, 2005), and iv) peace activities funded by western donors have been criticised as promoting reconciliation (‘normalisation’) before a solution to the conflict (Tartir and Wildman, 2012). This paper therefore: i) critically engages with different theories of what constitutes ‘peace’, ‘peace activism/agency’ and ‘resistance’; ii) critically assesses these in the context of Palestine and Israel; and iii) analyses how oppositional ideas form, gain support and are transmitted through praxis.