Abstract
While the Arab Spring did not spell freedom for Arab women throughout the Middle East and North Africa, from the horrors of the Syrian civil war, Rojava emerged as a women-led revolution which enabled ordinary Kurdish women to break through traditional gender roles and assume leadership positions in diverse sectors of society. The all-female Kurdish brigade, Women’s Protection Units (YPG), particularly came under international spotlight not only for its strength and military effectiveness against ISIS, but also for its advocacy for secular ideals and gender equality in the Middle East.
The Kurdish women’s dynamism in Syria is largely inspired by the ideology of the Turkey-based Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and its leader Abdullah Ocalan. If the PKK’s trajectory shows the potential of the Kurdish movement to generate transformative gender politics, Rojava represents the transformation of this potential into a substantial political force. This paper aims to shed light on how the Kurdish nationalist and feminist agendas intersect in the Syrian context with a focus on addressing a number of misconceptions regarding the understandings of the YPJ and its feminist outlook by the international community.
Many Western feminists view nationalism as antithetical to feminist aims and struggles. Scholars such as Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias view national state making as a gendered process which relegates women to the role of motherhood as the "reproducers of the collective” while assigning men to the status of protectors and defenders of the nation. As emphasized by Ofra Bengio, however, while during the greater part of modern history there seemed to be a clash of interests between the feminist and nationalist agendas in Kurdish society, the double revolution that Kurdish women have been recently undergoing in Syria has shown that the two agendas need not necessarily clash, but can actually complement one another.
The paper first makes a theoretical discussion on how post-colonial feminism informs our understanding of the ways non-Western feminist struggles challenge the hegemonic women’s rights discourse articulated by Western liberal feminism. Then, the paper turns its focus to the case of Rojava to demonstrate how nationalism can facilitate women’s agency and empowerment in a context where the ideology of the nationalist project places gender relations and an anti-patriarchal agenda as to the fore of its analysis.
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