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Talking Revolution but Appeasing the Colonizer: Nasser's Refusal to Support North African Nationalism
Abstract
Many historians have dealt with Egypt’s foreign policy following the “Revolution” of 1952, usually portraying Gamal Abd al-Nasser as a champion of anti-imperialism. However, contrary to conventional wisdom, the ruling Revolutionary Command Council did not become an unequivocal supporter of pan-Arabism following its ascendance to power. In reality, Nasser and his colleagues remained extremely skeptical of North African nationalism and did little to support the local anti-colonial movements in their struggle against France. My paper addresses this issue with regard to the Moroccan struggle for independence, which occurred in equal parts at home and abroad. Following the founding of the Arab League in 1945, the activists of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party opened an official bureau in Cairo, from which they organized a publicity campaign in order to influence French public opinion. Through newsletters, press conferences, and personal encounters, they tried to convince leading Arab diplomats and politicians, as well as Middle Eastern public opinion in general, of their demands. I argue that the Istiqlal’s propaganda campaign forced the reluctant Arab League to take up the case of Morocco and submit it to the United Nations during the 1940s. However, after Gamal Abd al-Nasser came to power in 1952, Egypt surprisingly withdrew its support for the Moroccan nationalist movement. Having chosen the struggle against Israel as his sole priority, the new Egyptian leader remained reluctant to offend France over a minor issue such as its North African possessions. Shocked by this lack of support by the man widely seen as the redeemer of Arabism, the leadership of the Istiqlal decided to abandon its activities in Cairo and instead opened a new propaganda bureau directly in New York. In conclusion, this project studies the internationalization of the Moroccan struggle for independence, analyzing how the Egyptian government and the Arab League first supported, then actively undermined the Istiqlal’s attempts to create global diplomatic pressure on France to relinquish its Protectorate. Moreover, it incorporates the Moroccan nationalist movement into contemporary academic debates on transnational political activism and thereby challenges the locally restricted focus of the historiography on this topic.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
All Middle East
Egypt
Maghreb
Morocco
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries