Tunisia is home to one of the world's oldest diaspora Jewish communities. However, Tunisian Jews are still among the most understudied Jewish minority groups especially in the Anglophone academic world. This paper attempts to fill in this gap. It is a part of a larger project that studies primary Hebrew and Judeo-Tunisian Arabic resources and French autobiographic accounts to trace an intellectual history of Tunisian Jews from 1910 to 1956, and to analyze their role in the Tunisian independence movement. It argues that during that period, Tunisian Jews had adopted different ideologies that shaped their involvement in the political and social scenes: Tunisian nationalism, Zionism, Socialism and Communism, with the last two being the main focus of this paper. This paper studies French autobiographic accounts of Tunisian Jews in order to shed light on the socialist and communist ideologies that defined their political and social orientations from 1910 until the Tunisian independence in 1956. Like many other intellectuals of that period, Tunisian Jews had been influenced by the trending socialist and communist ideologies; socialist Jews called for universal equality between the Tunisian and the French peoples under the umbrella of the protectorate while communist Jews believed in the right to freedom and self-determination. Many socialist Tunisian Jews were highly active unionists who criticized the unjust French policies and called for equal treatment between Tunisian and French workers without necessarily calling for independence. For Tunisian Jewish communists, the condemnation of colonial expeditions was part of the condemnation of capitalist exploitation. They called for Tunisia’s independence and directed their efforts accordingly.