Abstract
Investigating the history of classical Persian poetry one may perceive that Persian poetry originally retains prominent performative features. The story of Rudaki (860-941) playing an instrument and singing his poem Buy-e juy-e muliyan for his patron, which is narrated in Chahar Maqaleh, proves the association of classical poetry with music and performance even at its very first steps. In the modern era, the inclination of modernists to expand the realm of poetry through utilizing the dramatic features of performance arts has led them to the creation of performative poems. Nima Yushij (1897-1960), the founder of modern Persian poetry, refers to his groundbreaking work Afsaneh as a drama rather than poetry.
Nevertheless, the concept of Persian performative poetry as a poetic form written for performance rather than print distribution has always been considered an imitation of Western avant-garde poetic movements during the 1970s and the 1980s. Therefore, it has always been ignored or even suppressed by mainstream literary critics and academics, as it could not meet the literary standards set by the men of letters. Thus, although one can identify a variety of styles and genres of performance poetry being practiced in Persian, to this time, they have not been classified as a trend or movement.
This paper contains a very short narrative of the early experimentations for expanding the genre of poetry through integration with performing arts in Persian literature. This introductory section provides a brief overview of performance-oriented experimental poetry from the early nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The major part of the paper will examine and classify the main attempts of Persian poets to produce performative pieces, including a variety of performance and multimedia poetry from the 1990s to the present. In addition to the aesthetic analysis of these works, I will try to study the politics of mainstream literary criticism as well as state cultural institutions and organizations encountering these avant-garde experiments in the past three decades.
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