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LGBTIQ Activism in Post-Arab Spring Tunisia: Acts Citizenship
Abstract
This paper applies Isin’s (2009) concept of “acts of citizenship” to the study of LGBTIQ activism in post-revolutionary Tunisia in order to reveal and understand how activists are practising citizenship and challenging gendered constructions of citizenship. ‘Citizenship’ is a highly contested concept. The most dominant understanding of citizenship is that of citizenship as a legal status, or in terms of routine practices of participation, such as voting (Kiwan 2016). Yet there are numerous criticisms of this conceptualization. Scholars argue that it is gendered (Kiwan 2016; Shafir 1998; Pateman 1988) and, with so many refugees and migrants excluded from the legal rights of citizenship globally, not reflective of today’s reality (Isin 2009). By failing to capture the relational nature of citizenship and that power is located within these relationships that can be contested, Isin (2016, 2009) argues that the concept of “legal citizenship” overlooks how those who are socially and legally excluded ‘act politically’ and thereby constitute themselves as citizens. Similar to Bayat (1997), Isin argues that that those whose status excludes them legally are acting politically in unexpected ways, in unexpected places, disrupting the status quo, and re-constituting themselves as political actors through these acts or ‘ruptures’ (Kiwan 2016). Isin builds on Butler’s (2009) work on gender performativity according to which actions construct identity (e.g., sexuality). By extension, the concept of ‘citizen’ is not a fixed category (Kiwan 2016). Following the revolution in Tunisia, a number of organizations defending LGBTIQ rights legally registered and began engaging in efforts to eliminate the Article 230 that criminalizes sexual acts between two consenting adults of the same sex. Today, LGBTIQ activism encompasses a wide array of groups and organizations, many of which are focused on community-building and societal awareness and largely do not engage in rights-based activism or with the state. Yet the limited literature on LGBTIQ activism in Tunisia focuses almost exclusively on rights-oriented organizations – those engaging in practices of ‘legal citizenship” (Fortier 2019, 2015; Mekouar and Zaganianis 2019). We know little about the ways in which other LGBTIQ groups and activists are ‘acting’ as citizens or how they are challenging the dominant gendered constructions of citizenship (Kiwan 2016; Isin 2009). This paper thus focuses on LGBTIQ activists’ ‘relational’ acts of citizenship – how they constitute themselves as citizens and challenge dominant understandings of citizenship. The paper is based on interviews with over thirty LGBTIQ activists in Tunisia conducted in 2019 and 2020.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
All Middle East
Sub Area
Comparative