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Sufism in the contemporary Shia Seminary, Studies on Shaykh Muhammad Bahari
Abstract
The Shī’ī seminary is generally known as a religious institution with an emphasis on teaching the Islamic sciences and, in particular, Islamic law (fiqh). Within this scope, the seminary aims to prepare jurists (mujtahids). We also know that the post-Safavid inclination of the Shī’ī seminaries has been officially dominated by opponents of Sufism. The accounts of these hostilities have been narrated and documented. Yet, there are Sufi orders that continue to develop their ideas and practices in those seminaries. In what follows, the Sufi chain and teachings of Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī (1265/1849 - 1325/1907) will be studied. Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī, aside from being a mujtahid, was a scholar and follower of Sufism. He was a disciple of Mullā Ḥusayn-Qulī Hamadānī (1239/1824-1311/ 1894) in “‘irfān” in the Shī’ī seminary. In his treatise on spiritual wayfaring, Tadhkirah al-Muttaqīn, Bahārī represents a triad of jurisprudence (fiqh), ethics (akhlāq) and monotheism (tawhīd). In his terms, fiqh is an introduction to ʿamal (practice), practice is an introduction to the refinement of character (tahdhīb akhlāq), and akhlāq is an initial step to tawḥīd (the assertion of God’s unity). He, However, lived during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution but never addressed the relationship between state and power. He advised his followers to avoid engaging with power or leadership, and to take a Sufi path of renouncement. This paper examines the intersection of Shī’ī and Sufi spiritual movements within the Shī’ī seminary. It demonstrates that Bahārī sought to reframe Sufi/mystical thought to present it as more acceptable to the Shī’ī seminary, which was characterized by rigid interpretations of Islamic law. This paper also studies the development of the Ẕahabiyya esoteric school within the Shī’ī seminary by tracing the Sufi chain of Bahārī and his masters.
Discipline
Religious Studies/Theology
Geographic Area
Iran
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries