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From Town Councils to the Grand National Assembly: Women's Electoral Representation in Turkey
Abstract
Turkey has witnessed unprecedented levels of political polarization over the past two decades. The deep ideological schisms among the governing elites and other political groups have not only obstructed the democratic process in the country, but also impacted women's access to political power. Women continue to face numerous challenges toward achieving gender parity in the political arena, both in national and local legislatures. Despite the fact that Turkey has been one of the pioneering countries in granting women their political rights since the 1930s– before many European countries– women's share in the Grand National Assembly never exceeded 4.9%. It wasn't till the 2007 elections when women were able to secure about 9% of the seats and 14.4% in 2011. Women currently hold less than 15% of seats in the Grand National Assembly compared to 18% following the June 2015 elections. Women's political representation has been also marginal on the local level. Despite the government's decentralization policies since the 1980s to ensure the social inclusion of marginalized groups and redistribution (Yaras 2014), women continued to play a minor role in Turkish local politics. Following the 2014 local elections, women were able to secure 2.7% of the mayoral positions, 10.7% of municipal councils and 4.8% of the provincial councils compared to 0.9%, 4.2% and 3.26% respectively in 2009. Although these most recent figures represent a major leap compared to previous elections, this can be partially attributed to the fact that the Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) has enforced the 40% party quota for female representation. In addition, BDP has enforced a system of co-leadership and extended the co-chair system to all levels of local governments. Yet, women's presence in local politics is still feeble even when compared to many non-democratic regimes across MENA (e.g. Algeria, Jordan and Morocco). This paper aims to explore women’s participation in electoral politics in Turkey in order to better understand the dynamics of women's representation on the ballot and in elective office. Our study analyzes elections across different levels of government– national, provincial, municipal, and town– in both legislative and executive offices using an original dataset on all Turkish candidates for elections in 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015. The paper will provide the first comprehensive time-series analysis of gender representation in Turkish politics and government. This paper will also examine variations in female candidate supply and success across parties, regions, offices, and levels of government.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
Gender/Women's Studies