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States of drunkenness: alcohol consumption in Istanbul under Allied and Ottoman administrations, 1918-1923
Abstract
The arrival of thousands of Allied servicemen in occupied Istanbul led to an explosion in the quantity and visibility of alcohol consumption in the city. Alcohol was at the centre of numerous incidents between civilians and soldiers that seemed to alternatingly undermine and strengthen the axes of Allied control. A constrained press, prevented from overt political critique of the occupying powers and complicit Ottoman government, instead focused on the deleterious social effects of the occupation, carrying regular denunciations of alcohol consumption and calls for prohibition, in effect in Nationalist controlled Anatolia from 1920 onwards. Under the influence of such public pressure, the ?eyh-ül-?slam instituted the Ye?il Ay (Green Crescent) under the psychiatrist and physician Mahzer Osman, to promote the cause of prohibition locally, while a broader focused Ahlak Komisyonu (Morality Commission) also examined the question. Alcohol consumption in Istanbul likewise came to concern the Allied authorities, who simultaneously pursued the commercial advantages to be gained by the import of French and British-manufactured spirits while instituting controls over when, where, and what alcohol could be consumed by their compatriots. The paper examines the fate of the drinkers of Istanbul, local and foreign, under the authority of these twin regimes of alcohol control. By combining Allied and Ottoman police and newspaper reports and the personnel testimony of soldiers, officials, and civilians in the occupied city, the paper supplements the small existing literature on Turkish prohibition, which for the most part exclusively focuses on the debate in the Grand National Assembly in Ankara and neglects the impact of restrictions and eventual prohibition of alcohol on its sellers and consumers in Istanbul. In addition, such research complicates historical understanding of the occupation of Istanbul, by examining the often complementary social policies of local and Allied authorities in the city, rather than the struggles for domination and resistance that constitute the majority of published work on the topic.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries