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Opening the Gates of Paradise: Abwab al-Birr of Muzaffariyya and the Sacred Geography of Tabriz
Abstract by Golriz Farshi On Session V-13  (Occult Landscapes and Mindscapes)

On Wednesday, October 7 at 11:00 am

2020 Annual Meeting

Abstract
This paper explores the development of abwab al-birr (endowed charitable complex) first effected by the Mongol Ilkhan, Ghazan (r. 1295-1304 CE), and his courtier in and around the medieval city of Tabriz. It argues that through this construction the Mongol rulers and subsequent dignitaries and kings desired to embody in death the charisma of Muslim saints whose tombs were popular sites of visitation believed to generate benefit and blessing. It further argues that this act of embodiment and generation of benefit also intimated that the land surrounding the tombs be rendered as sacred. The paper follows the development of abwab al-birr through three monumental urban centers: the Ghazaniyya (est. 1297 CE) built by Ghazan and modeled on the twelve signs of the zodiac and thereby mapping the heavens, the Rab’-i Rashidi (est. 1309 CE) built by Rashid al-Din al-Hamadani (d. 1318 CE) and modeled after the four humors, and the Muzaffariyya (est. 1465 CE) built by Jahanshah Qaraquyunlu and envisioned as the gateway to paradise. It further investigates the processes through which each tomb-centered-complex rendered its enclosure and the surrounding area into sacred spaces. These complexes discursively mapped out the space of the city of Tabriz and established an economy of benefit, maintaining in perpetuity sacred and pious ritual practices connected to the land and benefit emanating from the body of the endower. Finally, the paper focuses on the last of the aforementioned complexes, the Muzaffariyya, and analyzes the manner in which the language of its endowment deed situates the complex within the urban geography of Tabriz and the countryside while simultaneously positing the complex as a threshold between the lower world and paradise. In this manner, pious activities of Muzaffariyya and its spiritual economy, as well as those of its predecessors, bind the abwab al-birr to the religious landscape outside of the city of Tabriz and, through the practice of the economy of benefit, bring Tabriz into the fold of hitherto recognized Islamic sacred geography.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Iran
Sub Area
13th-18th Centuries