Abstract
The expression “the people” (الشعب / ash sha’b) is a recurring element in protest chants in Arabic, such as the one used during the Arab Spring (“the people want to overthrow the regime”). In this presentation, I study the “people”, both as a popular term to refer to a unified group of individuals and as a specific socio-historical category brought to life through repeated performative citational acts. Following recent pro-Palestinian actions in Morocco, this paper turns to the performative practices and mediation of Moroccan publics at pro-Palestinian rallies to analyse how certain practices produce and transform the broader notion of “the people” in Morocco. Today, the pro-Palestinian movement in Morocco denounces Zionism and the ongoing genocide committed by Israel and rejects the recent normalization accords signed between Morocco and Israel in 2020. At most rallies, one can read or hear the same following chants in Arabic: “the people want to end normalisation”, “down, down with the Zionists and Americans”, and “The door of Al-Aqsa is made of iron, only a martyr can open it”, and lastly “Free Palestine!” in English.
I ask: Who are “the people” that are (re)cited and presenced at pro-Palestinian rallies in Morocco today? What performative acts produce and transform the senses and scale of “the people”? To what effects? To answer these questions, I present my observations on the communicative practices of three “minipublics” (Warner 2002, Wedeen 2008) constitutive of the broader “people” at Moroccan rallies: 1) the public re-enactment of powerful “scenes” of Palestinian suffering and resistance; 2) the call-and-response between a leader and the smaller crowd following them; and 3) reactions to chants and images as individuals talk during downtime. While these acts may appear to perform a homogeneous perspective at first glance, I argue that it is the opposite. The diversity of poetic images and relationships evoked by the chants, the regular juxtaposition of Arabic linguistic varieties and English, and the juxtaposition of religious, political, and theatrical speech genres, lead me to argue that the participants perform “the people” as a deeply syncretic and collective subject formation. These syncretic practices open up multiple overlapping senses of solidarity. Through this presentation, I hope to expand on the way in which tracing the co-occurrence and juxtaposition of minipublics helps understand broad social movements led by “the people”.
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