Abstract
This paper analyzes the image of Lebanon provided by some Maronite Lebanese writers in their fictional prose texts written in Lebanon during the period of the French Mandate, which began with the proclamation of the State of Greater Lebanon in 1919 and finished with its independence after World War II. The paper contrasts and opposes the official Lebanon, which covered the geographical surface of the newly established State of Greater Lebanon, with the subjective Lebanon reflected by the authors in the texts, which corresponded mainly with the surface of Smaller Lebanon, even if the texts were written after the establishment of the state. The paper will show that, despite the prominent role of the Maronite Church in the creation of the state, some Maronite writers did not consider the territories outside the geographical surface of Smaller Lebanon as part of “true Lebanon” yet.
The works analyzed in this study were written by the following Maronite authors: the well-known fictional writers Marun Abbud and Tawfiq Yusuf Awwad, the priest Marun Ghosen, the writer and journalist Karam Melhem Karam, the writer and historian Lahad Khater, and the lawyer Michel Shibli. All these authors share the experience of having written their texts inside the borders of the State of Greater Lebanon and not having emigrated to foreign lands. As such, their texts provide an inside perspective of the situation, in opposition to the outside view that other more famous Lebanese writers who wrote from the Mahjar could offer, such as Jibran Khalil Jibran, Amin al-Rihani, or Mikhail Naimeh.
The paper will be divided in two sections. The first section analyzes the term Lebanon and the elements to which it is associated in the texts; the second section analyzes the concepts of country (balad/ bilad), homeland (watan), and state (dawla) and their use in the texts, especially their association or lack of association with Lebanon.
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