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When Did Sufis ally with Shafi?is? A Network Analysis of Multiple Prosopographical Traditions
Abstract
The field of Islamic studies has fostered pioneers in the computational analysis of prosopographical sources. As a function of the extent of this genre, individual studies posit narrow frames of inquiry: a single city (Bulliet 1972; Petry 1981); a single source (Günther 1991; Romanov 2012); or a single group of actors (Nawas and Bernards 1998; ?entürk 2005; Haider 2012). Further progress is possible through extending computational analysis of prosopographical sources to multiple cities, sources, and groups of actors. This paper describes cooperation between tenth-century Sufis and Shafi?is through a network analysis of relational data in relevant (quasi-)prosopographical works. Sufis in Nishapur almost uniquely identified with the Shafi?i law school by the middle of the eleventh century (Bulliet 1972; Halm 1974; Chabbi 1976). This arrangement is known in the field of organizational theory as "corporate interlock" (e.g. Hunter 1953). In the case of the Sufi-Shafi?i interlock, however, major elements of this cooperative agreement remain poorly understood: none of the aforementioned studies proposes a date for the onset of the "Sufi-Shafi?i interlock"; Melchert (2001) has suggested a single Nishapuri figure who achieved prominence in both groups. These results are attributable to two factors: (1) reliance on Nishapuri histories of Sufism and Shafi?ism (al-Sulami, [1953/1960]; al-?Abb?d? [1964]; al-Farisi [1965]); (2) restriction of the pool of prospective cooperators by analyzing only figures who are the subject of a full notice (_tarjamah_) in the aforementioned works. Recourse to alternative sources and data provides more extensive historical and geographical data on the Sufi-Shafi?i interlock. A number of Sufi prosopographies predate or are co-eval with al-Sulami's (al-Malini, ed. 1997; al-Naqqash, ed. 1991; al-Khuldi, [forthcoming]; there are several early lists of Shafi?is (El Shamsy 2013). Temporal and relational about the teachers and students of thefigures in these non-Nishapuri works exist in non-Nishapuri local histories (e.g. _Tarikh Baghdad_), or "universal" sources (e.g. _Siyar a?lam al-nubala?_). The resulting dataset can be used to study the temporal dynamics of Sufi-Shafi?i cooperation, comprising ~450 figures, sharing ~3,000 relational ties. The date at which this cooperation reached an "interlock" level can be ascertained through network analysis, specifically the identification of instances of "triadic closure" – i.e., when a Sufi and Shafi?i figure share a connection with a third figure (teacher or student) (Jasny 2007; Opsahl 2015). This analysis shows that "saturation point" of triadic closure between Sufis and Shafi?is occurred in the first half of the tenth century, amongst figures associated with Baghdad.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Iraq
Sub Area
7th-13th Centuries