This paper will focus on the social and economic history of Tulkarm-Bani S`ab nahiya, which occupied the western part of Nablus liwa in central Palestine, during the Ottoman rule 1516-1918. Tulkarm nahiya stretched west to east from the Mediterranean coast about 25 miles inland to foothills Gabal al-Nar, Nablus Mountains. Most of the nahiya land lay on the fertile costal plains of Palestine. The Nahiya contain of three districts; Wadi al-Sha`ir (Alexander River), Bani S`ab and al-Sha`rawiyya al-Gharbiyya. The history of this nahiya and later on qada' and its development during the Ottoman rule will be examined by searching many Ottoman primary surceases such as; defterleri daimi, defterleri yoqalmi, tabu records and Ottoman salnamih. These surceases were compiled with the Ottoman land survey registers in order to record population and taxes from local revenue. This paper originally developed from my interest in studying the peasantry (fellahin) in Ottoman Palestine. The nature of the peasants' political, social and economic role beyond that of producers has not been yet fully studied. I would like to get further than the numerical image of the peasants contained in the primary sources and official documents by evaluating and analyzing the data. These registers documents contain so much information on the population, production, and taxation of countryside Palestine. I have tried to devise a methodology for exploiting these primary sources efficiently and exhaustively, making possible calculations which would otherwise be possible in view of amount of labor involvement. This methodology still requires that the registers be read and deciphered; but the task is greatly facilitated by the existing work of scholars who have explained the structure and terminology of these primary sources.