Abstract
The authoritarian regimes of the Arab world are often over-simplified in many respects, with little attention given to within-state variation. In particular, the repressive apparatuses of such states have hardly been examined in detail, and neither has the effect they have on the citizens of these nations. This paper seeks to examine the repressive apparatus of Saudi Arabia, as one of the most influential countries in the Middle East, through a survey experiment targeting Saudi citizens on the effect of the religious police. The religious police in Saudi Arabia are notorious for enforcing the strict rules of behavior posited by the religious establishment, as well as cracking down on questionable activity (such as organizing for cultural or political reasons). The three main regions explored by the survey include Hijaz, Najd, and the Eastern Province. These three provinces are significant both for the size of their populations, as well as their symbolic significance to the Saudi state. Survey results show that not only do the religious police have an effect on repressing public and private expression, but that citizens believe levels of repression vary by region. Those from the Eastern Province found religious police involvement the most intrusive, followed by Najd, and then Hijaz. The hypothesized reason for such variation is explored by examining historical specificities as well as demographic factors of each region.
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