Turkish Püerikültür, defined as “the science and the art of childrearing” by the intellectuals of the newly established Turkish Republic, gained popularity in 1930s. The (newborn) Turkish Republic, identifying itself as the healthy son of the sick man (Ottoman Empire), instrumentalized healthy child-rearing as a political tool in forming its political agenda on demographic recovery and national survival. My research focuses on the emergence of a new set of ideas and practices of childrearing in the formative years of modern Turkey (1923-45). I analyze the ways in which the political and the intellectual webs surrounding the Children’s Protection Society (CPS) and their discussions on child-care, can provide us with a new understanding of post-war reconstruction of demography in Turkey. I ask how the doctor members of the CPS, most of whom were also members of the Turkish parliament, merged the nineteenth century Ottoman ideas of demographic reform with the popular pedagogical trends and eugenics of interwar Europe to provide the young Turkish state with an innovative nationalist rhetoric and practices of childrearing. This chapter aims to analyze the particular nature of Turkish puericulture, by concentrating on three different books sharing the same title, Püerikültür, written by three medical doctors, all members of the CPS: Dr. Besim Omer Akalin (1862-1940), Dr. Ihsan Hilmi Alantar (1881-1962), and Dr. Kudsi Halkaci. Trying to analyze the perceptions of (1) Besim Omer, an Ottoman pasha, a gynecologist influenced from French puericulture, (2) his student Ihsan Hilmi, a pediatrician influenced by German eugenics, (3) and Kudsi Halkaci, a local doctor working for the local branches of the Children’s Protection Society, this study focuses on the emergence of a new set of ideas and practices on childrearing. Drawing on the larger debates on population-control and degeneration, I also seek to understand how they blended the late 19th century Ottoman ideas of population reform, and interwar trends of European eugenics. Further, I argue that Turkish puericulture was refashioned with the transformative power of tarbiya, putting emphasis on the correct forms of nurturing and moral education rather than selective breeding.