Abstract
My paper approaches the question of Ottoman Armenian migration to the United States at the turn of the century through a gendered perspective. Relying on the editorials of Armenian-language newspapers printed in the Ottoman empire and the American East Coast on the other side of the Atlantic, I connect gender, migration, homeland, and spatiality. First, I argue that Armenian political and intellectual elites portrayed migration as an explicitly male phenomenon, and completely neglected women – both in motion and those fastened to their domiciles in the Ottoman provinces. Nevertheless, as written records and visual culture indicate, women too perhaps on a smaller scale were also on the move often accompanying their husbands or traveling on their own as brides or brides-to-be for male migrants residing in the US. As I argue, emphasis on the male element emanated from the editors’ patriarchal worldviews that placed men at the center of society in its broadest sense (Ottoman and Armenian).
Perceptions of migration were closely aligned with views of the homeland. In this study, I trace the changing political notions and conceptualizations of the Ottoman homeland/fatherland which continuously shifted starting in the late nineteenth-century, then in the aftermath of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, and up to the outbreak of WWI. Yet, male-oriented gendered discourses remained unaltered. At different historical junctures, women continued to be sidelined in the political imagination of Ottoman Armenian elites both overseas and back home.
By exploring the role of woman as a male empowering agent within the Ottoman context, the paper also delves into the connections of patriarchalism and manliness to spatiality. Women’s presence or absence highly impacted the established system of power relations. This element is rarely acknowledged by the press in the context of other variables such as other overpowering men, that is, Kurds and Turks. The editors and columnists often expressed anxieties over the double erosion of patriarchalism caused by mobility owing to the emancipatory powers it bestowed on women and that rendered its reconstruction virtually impossible within the American context. Thus, in conclusion, ideally, men occupied the center of the Ottoman universe and their stay/departure conditioned the formation or dismantlement of societies, at the expense of undermining the historical agency of women.
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