Israel is home to at least hundred thousand citizens, whose parents or grandparents have emigrated from Turkey, or who have done so themselves. Migration from Turkey to Israel has occurred in several waves and in various forms, with early cases of Zionist mobilisation in the 1920s, instances during the anti-Semitic incidents in Thrace in the 1930s, mass migration after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and several peaks following political conflicts in Turkey thereafter. The latest episode was triggered by the coup attempt of 15 July 2016. Despite significant numbers, the 'Turkish' communities are virtually unknown in Turkey and figure as 'unseen Israelis' (Weiker, 1988) in Israel. Neither have they been part of the extensive literature on Turkish migrant communities. This paper discusses the 'invisibility' of this community, exploring how Turkish Jews in Israel negotiate their relations with Turkey (and Israel). Now that the Kemalist state-project, with which many Jews used to identify, has been superseded by a 'New Turkey' dominated by political Islam, anti-Semitic conspiracies, anti-Israel rhetoric and religious exclusionism (Nefes 2017), this relationship is growing evermore multi-layered. Based on interviews in leading Turkish Jewish associations (Istahdut and Arkada?), with participants of the migration of 1948, and representatives of the former 'Turkish' kibbutz HaGoshrim, this paper explores the potentials, limits and fragmentations of Turkishness in the context of Zionist nation-building. It distinguishes between different waves of migration to Israel, changing conceptions of Turkey, and relations between new arrivals and existing community structures. On the conceptual level, this paper joins Shneer and Aviv (2010) in questioning some of the core assumptions of diaspora theory, which is based on the historical example of Jewish dispersal from biblical Israel and the implicit assumption that the end of dispersal will lead to an end of diaspora. The case of Turkish Jews in Israel, however, appears to suggest that diasporic constellations are complex and dynamic, pointing to notions of cosmopolitan Jewishness and multiple diasporas within the Jewish world, as well as to multiplying diaspora spaces beyond the Turkish nation-state. Nefes (2017) Political Roots of Religious Exclusion in Turkey, Parliamentary Affairs. Shneer and Aviv (2010) Jews as rooted cosmopolitans: the end of diaspora?, in Knott and McLoughlin, Diasporas, Zed. Weiker (1988) The unseen Israelis: the Jews from Turkey in Israel, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.