Abstract
This paper aims to explore how Moroccan women writers reflect national narratives in their novels. The texts analyzed will be al-Nar wa-l-Ikhtiyar (1969, Fire and Choice) by Khanata Bennuna, Amm al-Fil (1987, Year of the Elephant) by Layla Abu Zayd and ‘Azzuza (2010, Azzuza), by al-Zahra Ramij. The three novels are characterized by the presence of a strong main female character who intends to take her own destiny by her hands, and can be read as a symbol of a national collective self.
Postcolonial studies have noted the necessity of writing new histories that are both postcolonial and post-nationalist, and following Jonathan Wyrtzen, this is necessary to grasp “the complexities, contingences, nuances, and contradictions” in the formation of postcolonial identities (2015, 7). In addition to this, postcolonial critique together with gender studies have noted how the participation of women in nationalist struggles was erased from official narratives after independence. Some authors explain how the symbolic feminization experienced by men during colonialism favored, as a response, the creation of narratives that offered a “male-centered vision of national destiny” (Boehmer, 2005:216). Moroccan nationalism was not an exception to this, and although women fought against the colonizers alongside with men, with the constitution of the independent state and the proclamation of the Moudawwana (The Family Code), women were relegated to a secondary role in the building of the new nation.
This male-centered version of nationalism has been reflected on literature, as has been analyzed by Tetz Rooke in “Moroccan Autobiography as National Allegory” (1997). However, with the advent of female literature in the late 1960s, Moroccan women writers started to give account to female participation in the national struggle, which was marginalized from official masculine narratives. I suggest that contemporary Moroccan female novels can be read as examples of female national allegories. By analyzing novels published in different periods of Moroccan’s recent history, the paper will explore how nationalist issues are still an important motive in Moroccan fiction, and how women writers have also joined this trend in their writing. Through their novels, women writers demonstrate how the destiny of the nation can also be female. They defend the recognition of women’s ongoing participation in the making of the nation.
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