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Transformation of Religious Identities: The Case of Some Kurdish Alevis Converting to Sunni Islam in Modern Turkey
Abstract
Political transformations and devastating events such as migrations, civil wars, radicalization, and massacres in the Middle East over the last two decades have reshaped the relations between state, religious identities, communities, and individuals. Turkey has become a key place to observe, record, and understand the historical and contemporary patterns of this relationship. This broad conceptualization of the transformation of state-society relations led me to delve into how heterogeneous groups in Turkey, such as Alevis, Nusayris, and Yezidis, have experienced, lived, and remembered their religious and cultural identities, and how these identities have been changed and transformed during this period. Academic studies analyzing the relationship between state, religion, and heterodox groups have focused on the concepts of oppression, violence, and citizenship, but they fail to register the connection of these groups with their environment, non-heterodox groups, mainly Turkish Sunni Muslims. In my paper, I particularly examine religious conversion of some Kurdish Alevis to Sunni-Islam, whose conversion processes were largely affected by micro and macro-level socio-political influences. Based on narrative analysis using in-depth life story interviews with Kurdish Alevi respondents in Istanbul, my paper argues that the inability to adequately convey the information related to Alevi belief, customs, and norms to community members had been one of the most important reasons for the conversion of Kurdish Alevi individuals into Sunni Islam, and their conversions resulted from long-term state-sponsored projects to assimilate these groups. In addition, I examine that urbanization, migration, and ultimately formal and informal partnerships and institutions, such as workplaces, schools, and marriages, in which Alevi and Sunni religious identities were intertwined, led some Kurdish Alevi individuals to become dissatisfied with their religious upbringing and to be converted. According to the data, there were differences in the religious practices of converts based on their sexuality. Specifically, female converts began wearing headscarves, while male converts adopted the Islamic uniform through their clothing and beard styles. My research is the first case study to present conversion of some members of ethno-religious minority communities to Sunni-Islam in Turkey, and perhaps the most significant finding is that the concealment of ethnic, religious, and linguistic differences has had a significant impact on assimilation and change of faith practices. My paper contributes to broadening the impact of sectarian assimilation policies on ethnic and religious minority identities in the Middle East.
Discipline
Anthropology
Political Science
Religious Studies/Theology
Sociology
Geographic Area
Turkey
Sub Area
None