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Maghreb in the Algarve, Gharnati in Granada: Arabic Fado, Flamenco Andalusi, and Musical Memory as Modes of Belonging
Abstract
Within Europe today, questions of regional or national identity and attendant debates over multiculturalism have a particular valence in southern Spain and Portugal, where they inextricably entangle with the contested historical legacy of al-Andalus, the 800-year span of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. While competing notions of al-Andalus as an “interruption” in an otherwise eternally Christian Spain and Portugal (Aidi 2006) or as the source of Spain’s multicultural heritage (Castro 1954) loom largely in the public imagination, such ideas speak mostly to European anxieties and desires. Often lost in these debates are the variety of lived experiences, beliefs, and creative agency of Europe’s contemporary population of Middle Eastern or North African descent. This paper redresses this lacuna through an exploration of two Moroccan-born musicians who have long resided in Granada, Spain. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted on both sides of the Gibraltar Strait, I chart the divergent trajectories of these musicians who, in collaboration with European colleagues, each compose new musical mixtures that incorporate Iberian and North African musical resources. I argue that through their work these transnational artists articulate two rather distinct sonic conceptions of multicultural belonging in Europe, along different time scales. Specifically, I describe how Amina Alaoui’s Arco Iris project takes up the distant Andalusi past and its reverberations in the present. I show how her music intercedes in Spanish, but especially Portuguese, collective memory in order to bear witness to the past, to remind her audience of their long-obscured cultural heritage, and to creatively reimagine an inclusive Iberian present. By contrast, Jalal Chekara’s music speaks to his more immediate predecessors— his father and uncle’s generation—and to a series of intimate encounters and greater cultural distances, and to a life spent betwixt and between two continent’s shores. I relate how in live performances, recordings, and a documentary film, Tan Cerca, Tan Lejos, he lays bare the tantalizingly close gap that remains, both cultural and geographic, between people of North African and southern Spanish descent. As a comparative case study this paper illuminates some of the complex and divergent positionalities of Spain’s Moroccan community of long residence, with broader implications for Europe’s populations of North African and Middle Eastern origin.
Discipline
Anthropology
Geographic Area
Mediterranean Countries
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries