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Rumors as Resistance in Iraq under Saddam Hussein: Evidence from the Ba`th Party Bureaucracy
Abstract
Rumors often serve to fill a void in knowledge when other forms of information are not credible or available, as is commonly the case in authoritarian regimes. In the context of a highly-censored autocracy, all “news” emanates from the state sector and is highly propagandistic in nature. As a result, rumor can serve to penetrate an autocratic regime's monopoly on information control. In Iraq under Saddam Hussein, rumor served as an important source of information about citizen attitude toward the regime (Sassoon 2011). Citizens were expected to inform on one another and an individual's ability to collect such private communications impacted his or her evaluation in the eyes of the regime (Sassoon 2011, 127). Ba`th Party officials were highly concerned about the destabilizing effects of rumormongering as rumors could harm the objectives of the regime. As such, the Iraqi regime dedicated considerable effort to collect and document circulating rumors as well as to develop strategies for how to counter rumors thought to be subversive in some way. This led to the creation of a complicated system of information exchange – individual citizens exchanged private information with each other and were often incentivized (or forced) to report rumors in exchange for staying on the good side of the regime. This paper analyzes the content of over 2,000 rumors collected by Saddam Hussein’s regime over the course of the 1990s. I find that rumors tend to fall into one of six main substantive categories and there are distinct forms of geographical clustering of rumormongering in Iraq during this period. I argue that rumors often went beyond a straightforward informational purpose and would often criticize the regime and its agents as well as seek to foment collective mobilization against the regime. Rumors, therefore, represent a significant form of political non-compliance which provides an important window into understanding the concerns and behaviors of Iraqis living under the rule of Saddam Hussein.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Iraq
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries