The second half of the nineteenth century is dubbed as the first age of globalization by social scientists. Steam-powered transportation and fast printing technology of this period brought distant populations closer to each other, a phenomenon that the Muslims of the world were not an exception. Social and intellectual production of the Muslim populations, either living under the colonial forces or under Muslim polities, began to circulate at an unprecedented rate. In the context of this larger phenomenon, this paper will examine the international activities and publications of Mushir Hosain Kidwai (1878-1938), an Indian Muslim activist/intellectual who devoted his life to the cause of Pan-Islam. Along with his other works and in the light of archival documents from Istanbul, I will examine a treatise Kidwai published in the fateful year of 1919. Titled The Future of the Muslim Empire, Turkey, this treatise was published in London both in English and in Turkish. In it, Kidwai presents myriad of arguments making a case for the political independence of the Ottoman Caliphate. This work mainly seeks answers to this question: What historical processes provided the conceptual background of a treatise that was written by a colonial subject from India in the metropole of the British Empire about the independence, not of his own homeland, but of a polity that he was not a citizen of? I argue that Kidwai’s work in the immediate aftermath of the war should be read at the conjunction of two processes. The first and longer process we must situate the treatise in is Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s quarter-century long Caliphate politics during the first age of globalization, which is directly connected with Kidwai’s own process of politicization. In 1906, he was invited to Istanbul at the age of 28 and presented with an Ottoman medal by the Sultan. The second historical process requires us to do a synchronic reading of the post-war period. Even a cursory reading of Kidwai’s treatise reveals the deep impact Woodrow Wilson’s self-determinism law had on his arguments. Both processes read in conjunction makes Kidwai’s activities and work culturally and politically legible to us. By connecting this treatise to the quarter-century caliphate politics emanating from the Ottoman center and to what historians call the “Wilsonian Moment,” we can see how an Indian anti-imperialist, in his attempt to restructure the post-war world, used the contemporary international ideologies selectively and differently for each geopolitical case.