Muslim servicemen from France's colonies in the Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa made up more than a quarter of the French Far-East Expeditionary Corps during the Indochina War (1946-1954). A potent symbol of postwar France’s ability to command the loyalty of its colonial subjects during its first major war of decolonization, Muslim soldiers also represented an ever-present anxiety for French military officials who worried about desertion and feared that disaffected African veterans would join anticolonial movements in other parts of the French Union following demobilization. Similarly, the Viet Minh perceived North and Sub-Saharan Africans serving in French uniform as both a threat to its own rhetoric of anticolonial solidarity and an opportunity to spread propaganda aimed at widening rifts in a multi-racial, multi-confessional colonial military rife with tension. This paper examines the psychological warfare efforts of both French officials and Vietnamese Communists to influence Muslim soldiers and argues that these efforts spoke to larger anxieties each side harbored about them. For the French, these efforts involved the logistical challenges of attending to the needs of Muslims far from home, including: religious services, Halal food preparation, culturally-appropriate recreation, and even prostitutes brought from the Maghreb and West Africa. To monitor battle-effectiveness, morale, and possible subversion within the ranks, the French military’s "Bureau Psychologique" established special offices for Muslim and African affairs. For its part, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam launched a clandestine propaganda campaign known as "dich van" ("rallying the enemy) to exploit anticolonial activities in the Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa to encourage desertion and cultivate sympathizers among colonial soldiers. Lastly, but perhaps most importantly, this paper also investigates the personal motivations of Muslim soldiers to understand how decisions to enlist, resist, desert, and rally were made and how attitudes changed during the conflict. Studying such decisions will contribute to recovering the lived experiences of individuals that remain little discussed within contemporary France, Africa, and Southeast Asia.