MESA Banner
Tahqiq and Human Perfection: The Impact of the Philosophy of Ibn ‘Arabi on Early-Modern Sovereigns
Abstract
Ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240), often called the “Greatest Shaykh,” is the most discussed and debated Sufi master of the late medieval Islamic world. Although many scholars have produced works on his life, ideas, and contemporary reception, few have undertaken the task of tracing the consequences of his work for sovereignty well after the shaykh’s death. This paper argues that Ibn ‘Arabi’s concepts of the “Oneness of Being,” the “Perfect Man,” and his distinct use of tahqiq (verification, realization) worked in tandem as a subset of ideas beneficial to leaders for establishing absolutist sovereignty in the Mughal and Safavid Empires. The thought of Ibn ‘Arabi and his intellectual descendants strongly influenced the absolutist sovereignty of the Mughal and Safavid Empires, the legacy of which reverberates to this day in the cultural memory of the Middle East and South Asia. As historians Khaled el-Rouayheb and Matthew Melvin-Koushki have shown, paradigm shifts in the post-Mongol Islamic world have much to teach us about our own biases and prior definitions of modernity, attached as they are to Western ideals. This paper hopes to add to the discourse on this important subject. As interest in global studies and the early-modern period continues to grow, the integration, wittingly or otherwise, of Akbarian philosophy into the ethos of sovereignty will continue to be a vibrant area of research. For regional focus, this study is limited to the Mughals, Safavids, and their interactions with contemporaneous mystical groups. It compares the ideas found in Ibn ‘Arabi’s works, primarily the Fusus al-Hikam and ‘Anqa’ Mughrib, to these movements and governments in order to demonstrate where the shaykh’s philosophy aligns with the crafted personas of charismatic leaders. For secondary sources, this paper references themes found in Kathryn Babayan’s Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs and Azfar Moin’s Millennial Sovereign. It is of course also indebted to previous researchers, namely William Chittick, Gerald Elmore, and Henry Corbin among many others, of topics surrounding Ibn ‘Arabi.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
India
Iran
Islamic World
Maghreb
Sub Area
None