Abstract
While there are certainly variations, national narratives tend to follow similar lines: there is the story of an ancient past or mythical origin followed by a period of decline, and then a modern movement toward revival. They generally include a set of identifiable heroes--past and perhaps present, individuals or collectives, real or mythical. In order to establish the national group’s distinct identity they also generally highlight events that mark the emergence of the national collective, just as they specify a set of traits or characteristics—cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, confessional— understood to be constitutive of the people’s identity.
Broadly defined, national narratives have many sources or authors; hence, they are multi-stranded, often with alternative or even competing elements. This paper’s focus, however, will be on the “official story,” the one propagated by the state leadership about the nation’s history, identity, and destiny. To be sure, various forms of coercion have been fundamental to maintaining the political order in the post-independence MENA countries. Nevertheless, the record suggest that regimes or ruling groups have all understood the importance of discursive tools in consolidating power.
Given the dramatic changes the MENA region has witnessed since the beginning of the Arab uprisings, the question arises: along what lines may the national narratives be shifting or changing? What aspects of national history may be emphasized or excised as new leaderships come to power? Are the post-revolutionary regimes attempting to introduce new founding myths? How are national identity and mission be conceptualized going forward? This paper takes as its cases Egypt and Tunisia, which have witnessed dramatic leadership and regime changes since winter 2011, and Jordan where a lower level struggle over political and economic reform continues to challenge the regime.
In order to discern or read the emerging narratives in these three countries, speeches from the leadership, newly issued documents (such as constitutions or charters), changes in textbooks, as well as the symbols used in celebrations of key holidays (or creations of new ones) will be carefully “read”. Having then established the parameters of the new (and perhaps defunct) themes, the second part of the paper will proceed to analyze and explaining both the origins of the evolving narrative changes as well as their role in the process of regime consolidation.
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