MESA Banner
The Ultras Political Role and the State in Egypt
Abstract
The Egyptian revolution of January 25, 2011 was an occasion to bring many apolitical social actors into the political public spectrum after more than fifty years of the state monopoly over political and public sphere. The Ultras, “hardcore” football fan groups, who have always self-categorized themselves as apolitical in nature, constitute one example of those engaged in politics and confrontations against the state. Before the revolution, the struggle between the Ultras and the state was hardly viewed as a political conflict. The Ultras sought recognition and acknowledgement and expected the state, specifically the police, to grant them freedom in the stadium. After the revolution, the political nature of the conflict between the state and the Ultras became a central issue in their relationship. Ultras engaged not only in clear and overt political activism, but employed a wide range of political conflict tools against the state in doing so. By utilizing social movements and contentious politics theoretical frameworks, the paper argues that the state forced the Ultras to act politically by threatening their collective identity. This paper relies on three main questions in examining the Ultras’ political shift: First, in what ways did the state play a part in radicalizing and politicizing the Ultras? Second, what were the ways in which the Ultras reacted to the new social realities brought on by the onset of the Egyptian revolution? And lastly, given the changes in the politicized stance that the Ultras took, what could we anticipate as the future for the Ultras as a political organization? In addressing these questions, the paper is structured into three parts. The first part focuses on uncovering the nature of the Ultras, providing the historical background of the Ultras in Egypt as well as the internal dynamics of the organization and membership, inter-Ultras relationships, and the Ultras’ notion of collective identity. Secondly, examining the contention in the relationship between the Ultras and the state preceding, during, and following the revolution. This part addresses the main issues that drive the relationship, the points of contention between both parties, and the tools each party employs against the other. Finally, the paper investigates the dialectical relationship between the Ultras and the revolution. This part examines the effects that the revolution had on the internal dynamics of the Ultras and their presence in the political sphere, especially as they led to some core changes in their discourse, tools, and identity.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
Democratization