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Images of the Black in Maghrebian Literature
Abstract
This paper focuses on images of blackness in selected Maghrebian literature, produced in French and Arabic in countries like Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The paper aims to highlight the representations of the imagined identities assigned to Blacks and to shed light on the derogatory messages that are hidden in Black stereotypes. Drawing on the work of Frantz Fanon, Homi Bhabha, Nicole Fleetwood and Mary Ann Doane, I argue that blackness in Maghrebian literature is reimagined as a fetish. The Black body-- often associated with death, the unconscious, the mysteries of the night, magic, rampant sexuality, etc--is implicated in imaginary appropriations in service of Arab hegemony. The paper elaborates on the link between the objectification of Blacks and Arab Muslim patriarchy. Marked as superior to its black other, Arab Muslim patriarchy has profited from blackness without admitting it. It has used Blacks as a fetish both to obliterate their difference and to render them silent. The texts I discuss include Kateb Yacine's Nedjma (1956), Mustapha Tlatli’s Lion Mountain (1990), Marguerite Taous Amrouche's “Le Grain Magique" (1966), Rachid Boujedra’s L’Insolation (1970), La Repudiation (1969) and La Macération (1984), Mouloud Mammeri’s La Traversée (1982), Mohammed Khair-Eddine’s Le Déterreur (1973), Tahar Ben Jellou’s La Prière de l’absent (1981) and Moha le Fou, Moha le Sage (1978). Within this literature, there are many examples of the use of the Black other in the mode of fetish. I particularly focus on two examples. In the first example, the body of the Black other is imaginarily inhabited, objectified and caricatured. In the second example, the Black other is used to provide an image of the self as good. It is important to note that most of these narratives were written at a time when Black tribes and communities of ex-slaves remained silenced and absent from political and academic discourses. The fall into oblivion of Black communities remains a constant reality even in the post-Arab Spring Maghreb.
Discipline
Literature
Geographic Area
Maghreb
Sub Area
African Studies