Abstract
As the quintessential work of Arabic Petrofiction, Abdulraḥmān Munīf’s Mudun al-milḥ (Cities of Salt) interweaves depictions of the destruction of sustainable, traditional forms of desert life with the development of the Petrostate and its concomitant social, material, and affective restructuring of human life. While Cities itself, the first of the eponymous quintet, concludes on a note of hopeful labor triumph, other Arab authors have continued in Munīf’s footsteps, crafting literary tales that document, ponder, and problematize oil development, yet do so while simultaneously eschewing Cities’ sense of closure. Among such authors are Kuwaiti Bidun writer Nāṣer al-Ẓafīrī (1960-2019), who has long argued that his migration to Canada enabled him to write his Jahra trilogy. Actively publishing since the early 1990s shortly after the Iraqi invasion, al- Ẓafīrī’s work gained renewed prominence after the 2011-2012 Bidun street protests. Since then, his early writings including Samāʾ maqluba (Upturned sky, 1995) and stories from al-Damm al-awwal (First Blood, 1993) have been reissued alongside the publication of his Jahra trilogy which includes al-Ṣahd (Scorched Heat, 2014), Kalīskā (Coyote, 2015), and al-Masṭar (Notebook Paper, 2017). These three novels are of particular interest given their multi-generational consideration of intertwined Bedouin, Bidun, and Palestinian lives that ultimately, in Kalīskā, inaugurates a pivotal space for the figure of the Native American within the story of oil both globally in the Arab Gulf. To date Zafiri’s work has been read in terms of critical pedagogy (al-Shammiry 2020) and reclaiming the place of the Kuwaiti Bidun in the nation’s formation (Alrabei 2021). In this paper, I propose building upon these approaches to analyze al-Ẓafīrī oeuvre in light of the fossil fuel powered dispossessions first explored in Munīf. Between al-Ẓafīrī sympathetic yet highly complex depictions of the have-notes of the emerging oil economy, including culturally specific Bedouin, Palestinians, and Native Americans in his trilogy, as well as culturally ambiguous, luckless figures of his short stories, I argue that Zafiri’s writings offers a kaleidoscopic, polyvocal crafting of the genesis of the Petrostate writ large and the human and ecological human sacrifice zones integral to its rise. Blending magical and social realism, al-Ẓafīrī pens a Kuwaiti and a global petrohistory that serves as a model for tracing the contours of the next generation of Arabic Petrofiction.
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