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Breaking Taboos: New Forms of Activism Against Public Sexual Violence in Egypt
Abstract
Post-mortems on Egyptian politics since 2011 often trace an arc in which early prospects for democratic political rule, expanding media freedoms, and proliferating civil society activism were all quashed after Muhammad Mursi’s ouster (Brown, Journal of Democracy, October 2013, Lynch, Journal of Democracy, October 2015). This paper complicates this narrative by employing interviews with activists against public sexual violence (PSV), and analysis of 40 hours of Arabic-language TV shows, to demonstrate that not only have unprecedented levels of street and media activism against PSV occurred since 2011, but also that such activism has survived Sisi-era crackdowns and continues to make tangible gains. PSV has long plagued Egypt, with a 2013 UN Women study finding that 99% of women surveyed had been harassed in public. Mass assaults in crowded public spaces occurred in the 2006 ‘Eid and during Tahrir protests after 2011. After Mubarak’s overthrow several anti-PSV youth initiatives emerged. Activists patrolled public spaces to prevent and rescue women from attacks. Anti-harassment initiatives in the subway and in shopping areas during ‘eids in some cases enjoyed the permission of - and even cooperation with - the police. Newly-freer media broke longstanding taboos, featuring survivors graphically detailing their attacks and portraying anti-harassment activists positively. After Sisi’s rise to power, space for anti-sexual violence activists to function in the streets and public transportation decreased significantly. Protests were outlawed and police no longer cooperated with anti-harassment initiatives. But projects to end harassment in semi-public spaces expanded, with the creation of anti-harassment offices led by women faculty at Cairo University and an initiative between the NGO HarassMap and Uber to make cabs safer. While the broadcast media largely ceased to criticize political developments after Mursi’s overthrow, taboos continue to be broken in TV coverage of sexual violence. When women were assaulted at celebrations of Sisi’s election in June 2014, pro-Sisi talk show host Lamis Hadidi excoriated the Minister of Health for hospitals’ lackadaisical response (Langohr, Middle East Report Online, July 2014). In a clear sign of changing social narratives about harassment, host Riham Sa’id was suspended in October 2015 after her broadcast of photos of a survivor of assault, and her suggestion that conservative dress could prevent harassment, prompted an advertiser boycott. The case of anti-sexual violence initiatives shows that while spaces for political opposition have indeed diminished since 2013, the Egyptian “revolution” unleashed space for social change in critical areas that continues to develop.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
Egypt
Sub Area
Gender/Women's Studies