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Translation as Rewriting: Yazıcızâde ‘Âli’s Political Use of Poetry in Tevârîḫ-i Âl-i Selçuk
Abstract
The Ottoman Sultan Murad II (r.1421-1444, 1446-1451) sponsored an extensive range of translation projects from Persian and Arabic into Turkish. Among the most important publications from his period is Yazıcızâde ‘Âli’s Tevârîḫ-i Âl-i Selçuk (“History of the House of Seljuk,” 1424?). This is a prosimetric chronicle of Anatolian Seljuks (c.1081–1307) that comprises Turkish translations of Persian texts. “Translation as Rewriting” presents an analysis of the verse sections in this work on the premise that the lyrical fragments, whether translated or composed, mirror the author’s ideological views. ‘Âli’s project was geared toward disentangling the memories of the Seljuks from the Iranocentric rhetoric and processing them into a linear history of Turks and Mongols. In his work, ‘Âli omitted a considerable number of poems that describe the Seljuk state as a Persian empire. He instead included his own compositions that articulate a genealogy from Oğuz Turks to the Seljuk Sultanate and then to the Ottoman Empire. It must be noted that ‘Âli’s interests are confined to Oğuz Turks, not the Turks as a whole. Meanwhile, ‘Âli is biased towards the geographical location of Rūm and the Mongols. He summons "selāṭīn-i Rūm" (Rum sultanates) multiple times in his poems while removing "memālik-i Rūm" (Rum states) in his translation when the original poem uses it in a negative sense. ‘Âli also venerates Chinggis Khan and Ilkhans throughout his work. In terms of language, Turkish poems, including both translated and inserted ones, account for 80 percent of the whole poetry. They function as the medium through which ‘Âli expresses his pro-Oğuz sentiments. In contrast, most Persian and Arabic poems play a marginal role as fillers. Translation strategies employed in the poetry sections of Tevârîḫ-i Âl-i Selçuk aim to legitimize the Ottoman Turkish rule by associating the dynasty with non-Iranian, but highly admired, Islamic rulers of Anatolia. “Translation as Rewriting” argues that this project was designed to neutralize the rebellious ideas of Sufi scholars. After a devastating insurrection by Shaykh Bedreddin (1359-1420), Murad II had a deep distrust of local shaykhs, who as “holy men” wielded huge influence on the masses. Their mystic teaching was rooted in Persian literature that contrasted civilized Iran with the savage others. By publishing Tevârîḫ-i Âl-i Selçuk, the Ottoman court officially refuted the common belief that dynasties of non-Iranian origin must be domesticated, or Persianized. The revised history demonstrated that Anatolia had been essentially Turkish and it always would be.
Discipline
History
Geographic Area
Anatolia
Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Sub Area
None