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Memories of Massacres: Locating National Narratives in Lebanon's Margins
Abstract
During Lebanon’s civil war reconstruction period in the 1990’s, violent conflict continued along its border with Israel. After Lebanon’s militia leaders and political elites had agreed to a ceasefire that ended the so-called “events,” the Lebanese Resistance – a group organized and led by Hizbollah, both a milita group and political party – continued to engage the Israeli army and Israeli proxies at their fortified positions in the South. In April 1996, Israel launched “Operation Grapes of Wrath” to subdue Hizbollah, and in the course of events, killed over 100 civilian refugees in a United Nations compound in Qana. This paper investigates the ongoing commemorative relevance of this event in Lebanon’s post-civil war history. The Lebanese have a long-standing history of remembering martyrs as heroes. They build public memorials and conduct annual ceremonies of remembrance in order to celebrate martyrs’ national sacrifice. These monuments and acts of remembrance cross religious boundaries, and therefore hold an important place in a country known for sectarian politics. What happened in Qana was not only a tragedy for the families struck by the bombings, it was a moment in Lebanon’s history when members of all communities came together to provide relief for the displaced and wounded. As such, the date of Qana’s attack, April 18, was added as a national holiday on Lebanon’s calendar. Since 2000, however, Qana’s commemorative significance has been contested by different political groups. Moreover, in the aftermath of the Lebanon War of 2006, a competing memorial was erected in Qana. However, I argue that throughout the various government crises in Lebanon since 2006, the Qana Massacre (mazjara Qana) remains one of the few events whose memory transcends the current political divides in the country. This paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and newspaper reports about the memorial sites in Qana against the context of a profoundly changed political, as well as commemorative, landscape in Lebanon.
Discipline
Anthropology
Geographic Area
Lebanon
Sub Area
19th-21st Centuries