Women's Strategies of migration from the Maghreb to France and to the UK
Immigration and social integration are gendered issues. This study focuses on women's immigration from the Maghreb to Europe. The main argument is that women differ from men in their motivations to migrate and in the strategies they employ in order to cope with the migration challenges. They also differ in the ways they understand the personal transformation from the countries of origin to the countries of destination. The study is based on the rich literature on migration, specifically, literature that relates to the migration from the Maghreb to France and to the UK. An empirical part of the study illustrates by way of interviews the various ways women employ (in comparison to men immigrants) in the efforts they invested in integration. These differences result in performances at work and career attainments, in welfare and citizenship performances. Generation differences also play a crucial role in this respect and are addressed in the empirical part of the study. The last part of the study relates to differences between the political practices of the countries of destination towards the immigrants. I found that there are parallels between contemporary policy towards the immigrants in the UK and in France and their policies in the colonial history of France and the UK in the Maghreb and the Middle East. My concluding contention is that whereas France demands assimilation in the spirit of the Republic, the UK expects the immigrants to integrate. These differences have significant implications on the nature of the individual and community life of the immigrant. This will be exemplified in the hosting countries respond to the Islamization trends, particularly focusing on gender issues.