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The Impact of Foreign Aid on Political Consciousness in Palestinian Education
Abstract
This paper addresses Palestinian education in the West Bank as a source of resistance against the Israeli occupation. The residents of the Occupied Palestinian Territories have been among the world's highest per-capita recipients of foreign aid. Recent studies contend that the influx of foreign aid to the West Bank after the 1993 Oslo Accords has depoliticized Palestinian civil society by diverting grassroots activism into development work. I argue, however, that key segments of Palestinian educators and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), explicitly use their work as educators to raise political consciousness. This is a source of resistance, and is essential to maintaining social cohesion and historical memory despite territorial and cultural fragmentation. In the West Bank, NGOs and educators must walk the line between their political beliefs and donors’ depoliticized development agendas. This paper uses primary source data on major donor aid to Palestinian education from the Oslo period to present, and original interviews with Palestinian educational NGOs, Ministry of Education officials, and teachers, to demonstrate that even aid-reliant NGOs support resistance against the occupation by raising Palestinians' political awareness through informal or extracurricular activities led alongside the depoliticized and donor-scrutinized official educational curriculum. This study contributes to the debates on the agency of foreign aid recipients, and aid's ability to depoliticize civil society. Theoretically, it fills a gap in the literature on foreign aid by showing that education is a uniquely productive space for cultivating values and knowledge that support resistance. Empirically, this paper moves beyond aid-funded NGOs and secondary schools to include privately-funded schools and a non-aid-reliant Islamic educational NGO. Finally, the study challenges the prevailing understanding of protest in the social movements literature by showing what resistance can look like in an oppressive rather than pluralist setting.
Discipline
Political Science
Geographic Area
West Bank
Sub Area
Political Economy