Global Networks of Late Ottoman Era Intellectuals The ideas of Young Ottoman and Young Turk intellectuals of the Ottoman Empire reflected an acute awareness of the ideological currents in Europe and the rest of the world, as well as a clear consciousness of dominant global trends in political and social thought. In fact, late Ottoman Empire intellectuals illustrate the intellectual crisis of late 19th and early 20th century globalization as a self-reflective process. Yet, this globalization of intellectual life had uneven dimensions: For example, German materialist thought, Orientalists writings on Islamic civilization, or French positivists seemed to have more impact on Young Turk intellectuals than Kantian philosophy, theosophy or anti-modernist German romantics. Some of the networks that Ottoman intellectuals joined in showed contradictory motives and ideas: Even though Ottoman Muslim intellectuals were interested in keeping the Ottoman polity as an empire, they soon became part of a network of anti-imperialist Muslim intellectuals. Or, irrespective of the personal piety of some of the Ottoman Muslim intellectuals, they preferred to be connected to anti-Christian (and thus anti-religious) intellectual networks with strong positivist or scientistic ideals. More importantly, despite the anti-Ottoman implications of Orientalist scholarship in Europe, the Orientalists were often the closest intellectual partners of Ottoman intellectuals in exile. By discussing the main networks of late Ottoman intellectuals, this paper will argue that the globalized world of Ottoman intellectual life was always mediated by various networks shaped by the agency of the intellectuals, their language capabilities, travel opportunities, educational institutions, trade routes as well as newspaper and journal outlets. Paying attention to the importance of the networks that shaped their global intellectual links can help in better understanding of the globalization of Ottoman thought and the agency of Ottoman intellectuals in their ideological orientations. A network approach to late Ottoman intellectual life will also clarify the role of non-Western actors in the trajectory of global intellectual history.