In 1957, in the midst of a growing national revolution, the French Army launched a novel program: all-female Itinerant Medical-Social Teams, or EMSI. By 1959, the EMSI had become a central aspect of the French Army’s efforts to pacify Algeria’s Muslim population. Composed of ‘European’ and indigenous social assistants and accompanied by arabophone North African auxiliaries, the EMSI roamed the Algerian countryside, ostensibly aiming to ameliorate the poor living conditions of rural Muslim women and to promote their social evolution through the teaching of hygiene, infant care, and domestic skills. But while the surface activities of the EMSI appeared anodyne, their intended goal was not. French Army strategists saw Muslim women—whom they perceived as a dominated, cloistered victim of ‘traditional’ Algerian society and the unwitting key to its reproduction—as both a susceptible population for rallying to the French cause and a key point of action for effecting wider social change. By cultivating Muslim women physically, socially, and culturally, French Army officials hoped to engineer loyal and obedient Muslim citizens and revolutionize the colonial social order. The EMSI did not seek merely to control or propagandize; rather, they also sought to transform Muslims into French men and women by inculcating ‘Frenchness.’ Part of a wider array of psychological warfare programs in Algeria aimed at integrating Muslims into the French national community, the EMSI attempted to reduce differences between Muslims and ‘native’ Frenchmen by transforming ‘Muslim’ habits and bodies into something more European. By doing so, Army officials reasoned, they could resolve the nationalist challenge once and for all by provoking a rapprochement between Algeria’s colonizing and autochthonous populations and creating a harmonious and egalitarian “New Algeria” free of the social inequalities and racial tensions that had previously marked French rule. This paper will explore activities of EMSI in wider context of the effort to reinvent French rule in Algeria. How did military officials attempt to use hygiene and social welfare to remake Muslim women as ‘modern’ French subjects? How did the experience of the EMSI—for both its members and colonized subjects with whom the teams came into contact—contribute to the growing populism of the FLN’s struggle for Algerian independence? In the context of the struggle over national sovereignty, medicine and social welfare provided French Army officials more than a tool for social wellness; they became a weapon to inoculate Algeria’s Muslim population against the threat of nationalism.