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Islamic Media and Political Futures

Panel 266, 2019 Annual Meeting

On Sunday, November 17 at 11:00 am

Panel Description
What can Islamic media tell us about both competing visions for the political futures of Iran, Egypt, and Lebanon and contested accounts of their past and present? How does the intersection of Islamic media and political futures work for non-state actors like ISIS? These three countries, as well as a group like ISIS, have robust media apparatuses that are intimately connected to a dynamic set of political interests, broadly construed. From television, to films, to museums, to digital media platforms, producers of Islamic media in these countries are involved in not only complex webs of production and distribution, but also in debates about the futures of their countries, especially in light of current wars, revolutions, coups, and geo-political meddling. How is Islamic media, located within frameworks of decolonization, entertainment, neo-liberalism, revolutionary nationalism, or war, articulating the conditions of possibility for political discourse and political identities? In what ways is Islamic media a terrain for the political? How do regional and international political economies of media technologies and infrastructures shape Islamic media? In what ways do Islamic media travel across borders and within specific transnational religious communities, and with what larger socio-political implications? What strategies do media-makers imagine as effective in producing certain forms of ethico-political subjects and not others? And finally, how do viewers/listeners/readers celebrate, ignore, appropriate, resist or re-signify the intended effects of Islamic media and its political and moral visions in their everyday lives? From the mid-1960s, Egyptian, and later Saudi, have been preoccupied with defining what media is, what its relationship to religion should be, and to what the ends its assumed power should be harnessed. Far from being a self-evident category, Islamic media, al-i'lam al-islami, has since its inception been a contested one with contingent and changing stakes for its theorists and practitioners. Examining this intellectual history, including its institutional contexts and internal complexities, is important for a more nuanced understanding of Islamic television as it came to exist in the privately-funded Arab satellite sector beyond a reductive petro-dollar story. Within Iran, the vast state apparatus attempts to an understanding of Islam intimately tied to politics. However, state media producers hold heated debates about decreased viewership and needing to create a more "expansive Islam" to garner audiences, and by extension, potential supporters for the state project. In Lebanon, Hizbollah spends vast resources creating media in the service of its political project. An exploration of Hizbullah's Mleeta Museum of Resistance asks what it means to foster a ‘resistance’ Shi’ite subject within and in opposition to contemporary media cultures. Within media productions of ISIS, how does the so-called Islamic State deploy fire symbolism in its meaning-making practices? What kind of politics does the extensive deployment of fire augur for the Arab world and beyond?
Disciplines
Media Arts
Participants
  • Prof. Marwan M. Kraidy -- Presenter
  • Mr. Hatim El-Hibri -- Organizer, Presenter
  • Prof. Narges Bajoghli -- Organizer, Presenter, Chair
  • Ms. Yasmin Moll -- Organizer, Presenter
  • Dr. Aaron Rock-Singer -- Discussant
Presentations
  • Prof. Narges Bajoghli
    The Islamic Republic of Iran has had a robust media world since the establishment of the revolutionary government forty years ago. In these four decades, regime media producers have developed a series of strategies to create media to communicate their political vision to the general population. In the first two decades of the revolution, state-produced media focused on the creation of revolutionary Islamic citizens, and as such, media production focused on how to communicate the “correct” Islam that a revolutionary subject should follow. In the last decade, however, with the increased proxy wars in the Middle East between Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the United States, the Islamic Republic has changed its strategy. Given its international isolation combined with internal discord and protests, producers of Iranian state-media now develop strategies to create media with a more “expansive Islam,” in the hopes that it can garner a bigger audience, and by extension, political support. In the face of increased international funding for satellite television stations that broadcast into Iran with an anti-regime political message, as well as material support by international governments for social media trolls, this paper looks at how state-producers of media in Iran emphasis nationalism that simultaneously downplays religious themes. The emphasis on nationalism advances the notion that the Islamic Republic is an entity that defends all Iranians in the face of international aggression, not just a vision of an Islamic Iran. This paper will explore the creation of new regime-sponsored internet channels, social media campaigns, and films that combine “expansive Islam” with nationalism in the service of a particular vision of Iran and the Middle East.
  • Ms. Yasmin Moll
    Over the past two decades, the television landscape of the Arab Middle East dramatically transformed from a monopoly by state broadcasters on terrestrial television to a competitive private sector on satellite. The emergence of Islamic television channels has been a notable part of this shift. The few studies available of these channels typically depict them as a petro-dollar story: the growth of Gulf economies led to a Saudi dominated transnational satellite empire in the 1990s that included the creation of niche channels such as Islamic ones. While examining the political economy of Islamic media is important for unpacking the rise of non-state religious broadcasting in the Arab world, we also need an account of how Islamic media as a concept – a concept in search of different kinds of capital including, but not only, financial – enabled at once new understandings of Islam and of media. Indeed, treating “Islamic media” as a self-evident and stable category results in a presentism that occludes its changing stakes across time. This presentation excavates the intellectual history of this concept through examining theorizations of Islamic media in Egypt and Saudi Arabia from the 1960s until the founding of the first Islamic satellite channel in 1998. I make the case for understanding Islamic media as symptomatic not of neoliberalism but of decolonialism. Similar to scholars in other emergent disciplines of the Arab postcolony, theorists of Islamic media aimed to dismantle what they saw as a particularly insidious form of neocolonial power, the power to determine the very basis of knowledge. I argue that the emergence of Islamic media as a concept was inextricably bound to aspirations for epistemic emancipation. Epistemic emancipation aimed at clarifying the ways in which media, i’lam, was an Islamic concept even while being semantically absent from the Qur’an and the Prophetic lexicon. The category of Islamic media came to pivot around the question of not just how to mediate Islam to both Muslims and non-Muslims, but how to Islamize the practice and philosophy of media as a discipline. By offering a more complex account of the rise of the world’s first Islamic television channel that does not limit itself to political economy, but takes seriously the role ideas played alongside changing material structures, I aim to more broadly problematize the conditions under which ideas and methods become recognizable as “theoretical” and “critical” within academic knowledge production – or dismissed as insufficiently so.
  • Mr. Hatim El-Hibri
    This paper examines Hizbullah’s Mleeta Museum of the Resistance in South Lebanon to interrogate the politics of the mediatization of religion, a historical process defined by its relationship to a contested domestic and regional media landscape. The museum opened in South Lebanon in 2010, ten years after the party and militia forced the end of the Israeli occupation, and around a year prior to the uprising-turned-civil war in Syria. Set on a mountain top with commanding views, and on the site of a decommissioned underground bunker, the museum commemorates the history of the fight against Israel by guiding visitors through the details of the lived experience of armed struggle. Mleeta welcomes a visiting public comprised of a range of political orientations and local, regional, and global points of origin, speaks in a popular and oppositional idiom, and narrates a sometimes-fraught claim to the nation on behalf of a particular party (or even locality). I draw on fieldwork conducted during the first seven years of the museum’s existence, and textual analysis of the museum’s welcome film, exhibits, and promotional material. I analyze Mleeta as a mediated site and embodied pedagogy that invites visitors into the affective experience of political steadfastness beneath the violent verticalities of aerial surveillance typical of guerilla subjectivity, in which non-communicative modalities and concealment are crucial. The site also exemplifies the party’s broader project of fostering a ‘resistance’ Shi’ite subject, articulated within but in opposition to contemporary media cultures, and the Lebanese sectarian system. I argue that the museum demonstrates the cultural and economic compatibility with and integration of Hizbullah within contemporary capitalism. I also explore how the museum, which hesitantly makes a claim to tell a national story on behalf of the party, exemplifies how Lebanese sectarianism is constitutively intertwined with global political economic and racializing processes.
  • Prof. Marwan M. Kraidy
    What political future can be glimpsed in the media productions of the group that calls itself “Islamic State.”? A systematic textual and semiotic analysis of IS’s videos, books, pamphlets, and infographics, particularly Dabiq, Rumiyah, and An-Naba’, reveals that fire is one of the most prevalent symbolic trope in the profusion of IS imagery and literature. In this paper I ask: Why is fire central to IS vision of itself and its enemies? How does IS deploy fire symbolism in its meaning-making practices? What kind of politics does the extensive deployment of fire augur for the Arab world and beyond? Though fire is a ubiquitous motif in IS speeches, chants, sermons, videos and publications, in this paper I draw on my analysis of seven primary texts: four video (Flames of War, What Are You Waiting For?, Healing the Chests of the Believers, and Flames of War II) and three textual sources (the inaugural issue of Dabiq, an article, in the 7th issue of Dabiq titled “The Burning of the Murtadd Pilot,” about the immolation of Kasasbeh, and an article in Rumiyyah, Dabiq’s successor, titled “The Flames of Justice,” which discusses the merits of using fire to punish unbelievers. My historical and theoretical exploration points to fire as a potent symbolic trope at the intersection of a mythical-religious realm and a socio-technical realm. Fire figures prominently in the Quran, the hadiths, and Islamic eschatological literature. Fire is also central in Christian and Jewish religious symbolism. But fire is also one of the great engines of civilization: “the great transmuter,” the historian Stephen Pyne called it. A stimulus for the imagination, the flame is “one of the greater operators of images,” wrote Gaston Bachelard. Critics likened the magic of cinema to fire’s capacity to beguile, and equated the rise of the internet to the rediscovery of fire. I conclude that fire fuses life and death, belief with battlefield, primal stirrings and advanced gadgetry, and thus helps Islamic State forge a dualistic identity: a celebrated self, pitted against a reviled other that must be incinerated. In this, I argue, IS is a harbinger of what the philosopher Michael Marder calls the age of pyropolitics (politics of fire), which constitutes a chaotic and destructive reversal of enlightenment and modern values from the nation-state to notions of progress and justice, auguring a scorched earth politics of extreme identities locked in a life-or-death battle.